The Regina Knight Case Essay Example

The Regina Knight Case Paper The legitimate reference of the case. Regina v [2001] NSWSC 1011 (8 november 2001) The components of the offense. All together for a preliminary to be brought, the police and investigators may have the option to demonstrate that the components of the specific offense are available. In this criminal case both Actus reus, Mens rea too causation was unmistakably appeared through the conduct of Katherine Knight. Actus reus is the term alluding to ‘guilty act’ meaning any intentional activities of oversights that establishes to a wrongdoing, it is the physical component of an offense Her Actus reus is appeared through her demonstration of wounding him multiple times and killing him. She likewise cleaved off his head and cooked it with vegetables and cleaned greater part of his body. It is sure to state her demonstration was deliberate, pernicious and malicious. Mens rea alludes to ‘guilty mind’ and is characterized as the perspective requiring establishing a specific wrongdoing which is the psychological component of an offense. Unmistakably the homicide was pre-reflected. Her mens rea is demonstrated all the more plainly by the remarks made by the detainee to different people showing goal, remarks made by Mr. rice to others which showed his feelings of dread for his life, remarks of a comparable kind made by the detainee to Mr Price within the sight of others and the direct of the detainee in the days paving the way to the homicide. She compromised Mr. Cost and said â€Å"You’ll never get me out of this house. I am going to murder expensive and I will pull off it, I’ll pull off it cause I’ll make out, I’m distraught. Th e causation of the rate was clear. She needed to murder him and she performed actus reus and his life finished on her hands. We will compose a custom article test on The Regina Knight Case explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on The Regina Knight Case explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on The Regina Knight Case explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Elements that may have prompted the criminal conduct. There are a couple of variables that may record to the conduct of Knight. It incorporates mental variables, social components, and personal circumstance. Knight is said to have been determined to have the marginal character issue and to have experienced a post horrible pressure issue. Her marginal character issue may have added to the wrongdoing however is said by specialist Delaforce and lambeth that the homicide was pre-contemplated and her conduct features the insult idea of the detainee. Dr. Delaforce additionally considered that the detainee delighted in viewing grisly and upsetting recordings entitled, for example, â€Å"Resurrection†. His Honor reflects â€Å"That video provided for the activities by the detainee corresponding to Mr. Price’s body a feeling of â€Å"copy feline. Knight had nearly played out precisely the same assignment and scene of homicide to Mr Price contrasted with the homicide in â€Å"Resurrection†. Albeit nothing is 100% demonstrated, she has said that she had been genuinely manhandled by two of her siblings when she was youthful and that on one event her dad occupied with movement reminiscent of some sexual association with her. She has been in two true connections and she asserts that she has been explicitly manhandled by David Kellet who was additionally unfaithful to her, which she results to have had a mental meltdown. Knight says Mr. Saunders has additionally rewarded her severely and was savage to her. Them two clarify that the thing she said about the explicitly or genuinely manhandling isn't correct and in fact that â€Å"they were the ones being attacked by her†. Her personal responsibility of retribution is the most significant job influencing her to carry out criminal conduct, her solid thought of vengeance which prompts fulfillment. It is her inclination to perniciously vindicate any individual who crosses her and she accepts that, that is the thing that they merit. The issue isn't that she didn't have any acquaintance with it wasn't right to do such thing, yet that she couldn't have cared less about doing them†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The meeting by Dr. Lambeth arrived at a comparative finish of the prisoner’s intrigue and satisfaction in savagery. Revealing and examination of the wrongdoing. Residents must assume a significant job in the criminal equity framework by announcing wrongdoing. In the first part of the day of Mr. costs demise, around the first of March 2001, Police were called by nearby neighbor Mr who was dubious of Mr. Cost as Mr. Cost referenced before to him Knight may kill him at any point in the near future. By detailing the police, activity had the option to be taken a lot quicker by proficient police and there was less an ideal opportunity to dispose of proof of slaughtering for Knight. Police had discovered Mr. Price’s body to have been cut in any event multiple times in different pieces of his body back and front. His blood was discovered splattered and spread all through different pieces of the house and in a pool. The police found the blood not completely solidified and had just dried at edges, of the first of March in 2000. An assessment of the blood recolors, their contrasting qualities and example of event in different pieces of the house, set up that Mr. Cost was first assaulted by the detainee in the vital room of the premises when he was in a prostrate stance. His body was discovered entirely cleaned his body and his head slashed off and overflowed with vegetables. The manner in which he was cleaned was done proficient and conveniently and is required by an exceptionally gifted individual with blade to have the option to do as such. Mary who has been filling in as a meat slicer in abattoirs for a considerable length of time is clearly an enormous suspect. Anyway Knight guarantees that she has no clue or memory of Mr. Price’s demise. She asserts that she can't remember anything and don't think about anything. The detainee claims not to recollect that anything of the outcome of slaughtering. Anyway so much proof uncovers that the killer is Knight. The way that the cutting of his body required an expert experienced individual with the blade and the huge dangers about the reality she was going to execute Mr. Cost to Mr. Cost and numerous others. The Plea Knight was summoned on 2 February, 2001 on a charge of having killed John Charles Thomas. She argued not blameworthy. The preliminary was at first fixed for 23 July, 2001 however was suspended because of the sickness of her direction. She kept up her request of not liable and the preliminary was re-fixed for 15 October, 2001. After a clinical appraisal the detainee was authoritatively accused of the homicide on 18 October 2001 and confessed to the charge. The court acknowledged her request of blameworthy her conviction of homicide was recorded. Components influencing the sentence choice. The three factors that influence condemning choice in this criminal case incorporate irritating, alleviating and emotional components. Katherine Mary Knight has submitted a homicide which falls into the most genuine class of homicide and it is demonstrated past sensible uncertainty that the homicide was planned. She utilized a sharp butcher blade to kill and wounded him in any event multiple times just as consummately cleaning his entire body. At some point before she killed him she made various dangers to him about his passing. After she had killed him, she expressed that she had no memory of the homicide what so ever to the police. She attempted to get away from her situation of wrongdoing by attempting to accuse everything for her psychological character issue. She arranged the homicide as well as really delighted in the awful demonstrations which prompted demise and pollution. After the passing of Mr. Value, she demonstrated discernment, volition, quiet and aptitude and indicated no regret or blame by any means. There were four issues going on the alleviation of the punishment was the way that the detainee conceded to the charge of homicide, the marginal character issue analyzed in the detainee, the nonattendance of any earlier pertinent criminal record with respect to the detainee and that the nature of kindness would not be stressed were a limited sentence to be forced on the detainee. In spite of the fact that the detainee professes to have no memory of numerous occasions to the passing of Mr Price, the awful homicide was planned. Despite the fact that she professes to have no memory, her endeavors to demonstrate moderation is viewed as just attempting to shut out the grisly occasions brought about by her. It is said by Dr. Delaforce that â€Å"she knew the nature and nature of the acts†¦was mindful around then that those demonstrations weren't right. † Her activities were a feeling of ‘pay back’ and she attempted to make herself look distraught. Anyway Dr. Delaforce clarified that the manner in which she submitted the homicide demonstrated the unethical behavior of her activities which doesn't really mean frenzy. The degree to which the law adjusts the privilege of casualty and wrongdoer. The degree to the law which adjusts the privileges of Knight and Mr Price appears to sensibly just. Knight perpetrated a wrongdoing that is Knight’s life detainment appears to be quite sensible as she will be a huge danger to the network in the event that she is liberated and for her frightful demonstration of homicide towards Mr Price. Knight reserved the option to place in an intrigue, have solid qualified legal advisors and to have a state. Despite the fact that Knight is rebuffed to life detainment, the awfulness of Mr Price and his family isn't simply. Mr. Cost went to a chamber Magistrate at Scone Court House on 29, February 2000 and seeked a secured savagery request and educated the chamber officer that he needed to cut off his association with her to forestall her entering his life. The main issue is that he didn't report it prior and soon after this visit, he kicked the bucket. Knight reserved the privilege to apply for an intrigue, and in spite of the fact that her allure was through it was not appear to be sensible and was dismissed. The law prevailing with regards to adjusting the rights as it mulled over the effect the circumstance had on the victim’s family. So as to be simply it alluded to past cases, for example,

Take Care with Album

Take Care with Album Take Care with Album Take Care with Album By Maeve Maddox A peruser regrets the error and incorrect spelling of the word collection as ablum: †¦ frequently abused by DJs and music reporters which is extremely pitiful! The word collection originates from Latin albus, white. In old Rome, a collection was a clear tablet into which declarations and other open issues were engraved. In the seventeenth century, German researchers kept signature books to which they gave the Latin expression collection amicorum. Later the term was applied to scrapbooks that contained trinkets. In his 1755 word reference Samuel Johnson characterized collection as a book in which outsiders have for quite some time been acclimated with embed signatures of praised individuals. Photo collections date from the 1850s. Record collections (33 1/3 rpm) went along in 1957. NOTE: See Jim Clintons record of prior record collections in his remark underneath. A Google scan for the incorrect spelling ablum yielded 773,000 hits. Not the entirety of the hits were unexpected. For instance, Ablum is a Polish last name. Ablum is additionally the purposely incorrectly spelled title of a music collection for youngsters recorded by a gathering called Duplex. Most are presumably unintended: Step by step instructions to make your dynamic photograph slideshow and online photograph ablum and photograph exhibition Benevolently peruse our e-ablums Photograph Ablum Binders available to be purchased Once in a while ablum is trailed by the right spelling, proposing that the first was a basic error. In this model, in any case, the incorrect spelling happens twice: †¦[I] never liked the ablum workmanship idea†¦ [I] have experienced the entirety of my melodies and found the ablum data Regardless of whether incorrect spellings of collection result from thoughtless composing, assumed mind, or numbness, the outcome is the equivalent: a superfluous incorrect spelling. Cautious essayists will need to investigate the word before hitting the send or distribute button. Need to improve your English quickly a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Spelling class, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:35 Synonyms for â€Å"Look†30 Baseball IdiomsGrammatical Case in English

The Anatomy of a Bad Sex Scene in Literary Fiction

The Anatomy of a Bad Sex Scene in Literary Fiction Name one sex scene in a novel that doesn’t somehow exude mawkish delicacy or over-the-top melodrama. To be honest, I can’t automatically think of any particular book. Is it because I tend to gravitate towards literary fiction that purposefully pushes the act itself into the background, like the slow scene dissolve in a movie? Or is it because literary fiction routinely fumbles with sex scenes, uncomfortable with making body parts into something more than flesh and fat and fumbling desire? Perhaps the lack of “good” scenes in comparison to examples of bad sex  is due to this: some writers excessively focus on the literal how and not the why. The most compelling sex scenes are padded with the subtext leading up to that particular moment, the variety of motivations of the characters. They respect their characters in these instances of vulnerability.   When I think of memorable sex scenes in literary fiction, I can’t help but conjure the short stories of Mary Gaitskill. In her collection Bad Behavior, love is rarely a part of the ties that bind couples together. The characters in these stories are yearning for ways to escape their physical bodies and use sex as a means of distraction or self-indulgence. The focus is not to romanticize dysfunctional sexual relationships. Rather, the sex scenes serve as symbols of a power imbalance. The collection features the infamous “Secretary,” which was later turned into a movie starring Maggie Gyllenhaal and James Spader. The film version notably diverges from the ending, writing a happy ending to this dark, unconventional fairytale. On the other hand, Gaitskill doesn’t allow her characters to ride off into the sunset, married and content to play into the public’s perception of their seemingly patriarchal household. In an essay for The Rumpus, author Steve Almond writes, “Sex is inherently over the top. Just telling the reader that two (or more) people are balling will automatically direct us toward the genitals. It is your job, as an author, to direct us elsewhere, to the more inimitable secrets of the naked body. Give us the reddened stubble in the crease of a debutante’s groin, or the minute trembling of a banker’s underlip.” Generally, sex is sexier when it’s not explicit. A writer doesn’t need to painstakingly recount every last detail, but they do need to detail sensory reactions. The details can make a scene go from feeling like bad porn riddled with sexist cliches to a piece of realistic character development. Almond later adds, “The body does its happy labor during sex, but the mind works overtime. And just what do people think about? Laundry. Bioterrorism. Old lovers. Sex isn’t just the physical process. The thoughts that accompany the act are just as significant (more so, actually) than the gymnastics.” Again, emphasis on reaching beyond the physical act of sex in favor of utilizing sensory details. Please don’t tell readers about a man’s “quivering member.” Tell us that your male character forgot to shower and notice the change in the smell of his sweat. Tell us about the way your female character tripped over a pair of his shoes on her way into the bedroom and now has an angry splotch of purple on her knee. Unfortunately, it’s easy to write terrible sex scenes. That’s why Literary Review established the Bad Sex in Fiction award. Founded in 1993, the award aims to “to draw attention to poorly written, perfunctory or redundant passages of sexual description in modern fiction, and to discourage them.” Last year’s award went to former Smiths lead singer and overall curmudgeon, Morrissey. His debut novel, List of the Lost, involves three Boston relay runners who are the recipients of a curse. The scene that won the award reads as rejected Smiths’ lyrics, with a couple “screaming and shouting as they playfully bit and pulled at each other in a dangerous and clamorous rollercoaster coil of sexually violent rotation.” If you’re ever confused about what constitutes a bad sex scene, take a minute to re-read Morrissey’s passage. As Elissa Wald observes in an essay for Lit Reactor, in order to write about sex, “We have to resist the version of sexuality that’s brandished at us every day by the advertising and fashion industry: most especially the idea that we can only be aroused by superficiality and perfection.” The difference between a skillfully crafted sex scene and one of Morrissey’s caliber is the intent. Sex scenes are not meant to be exercises in perfection, but the messiness of humanity.

Complacence as a Facet of Insanity in Hamlet Essay

To the ignorant and self-oblivious person, the true individuality of a man’s self is presumed through his ability to possess an apt and socially preferable state of mind. Quite ironic in fact—and if I’m not mistaken—the widespread consensus regarding human identity, is that it is at its most ripe, and fertile upon one’s inevitable decision to conform to the mass. Such logic is somewhat of a paradox-in-itself and if we deconstruct the meaning of the terms ‘conform’ and ‘individuality’ their contrast is vast, and their apparent use is irrational, therefore all aspects of the human mind remain complacent, and mundane to a certain degree that it erases any former beliefs of a unique human being. Rather, human personality is an†¦show more content†¦As such, it is the immature compulsions of his companions and his family that can be to blame for his elaborate and unnecessary state of mind, and thus, the essence of Hamlet ’s insanity, lies in his desire to progress beyond his perception of the complacency of human imperfection. Characters may possess both the ability to intrigue whilst maintaining a commonplace and dry persona, essentially, Hamlet attains the ability to break from his compulsion to abject based on the inept character(s) of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. In retrospect, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are the same person as they are sparsely differentiated and never are they seen apart from one another—thus the question remains as to why Shakespeare created such characters based on the same superficial mould. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern prove to be a clever satire of the capacity for human conformity, and of course the entirety of their characters is summed upon their agreement to spy on Hamlet for King Claudius. Therein is revealed the essential flaw of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, their otherwise ‘pack’-mentality. For Hamlet, the information that his once presumed friends are conspirators against him does little to rattle his emotions. As a matter of a fact, it is his realization that his friends are nonetheless

The Importance of Each Decision in Robert Frosts The...

The Importance of Each Decision in The Road Not Taken Two roads diverged in a wood, and I -- / I took the one less traveled by, / And that has made all the difference. Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken is a lyrical poem about the decisions that one must make in life. When a man approaches a fork in the road on which he is traveling, he must choose which path to take. The choice that he makes, as with any choices made in life, affects him in a way that has made all the difference . Thematically, the poem argues that no matter how small a decision is, that decision will affect a persons life forever. The Road Not Taken is told as a first-person narrative. The narrator is looking back on the decisions that have affected him.†¦show more content†¦The man had to decide which path to take, one that was very worn, or one less traveled by. He decided to take the less traveled path and keep the first for another day. Looking back on this situation, the narrator feels his decision has changed his life forever. On the other hand, Frost could be using the images presented in the poem in a very involved and general way. The paths and the fork may no longer refer to their definitions, but instead as keywords in a description of life. Through the poem, Frost is defining life as a series of decisions. Some of these decisions may, at the time, be thought of as insignificant, while others could be thought of as very significant. Frost argues that a decisions significance at the time is not really important, for any choice will change ones life. Every day, people, including the narrator of the poem, are presented with Two roads that diverge in a yellow wood. These roads are not concrete or physical, but rather represent choices. The fact that one road is grassy and wanted wear while the other was commonly traversed shows the reader that some choices require one to choose something that is not commonly sought or to do something that is not commonly done. The total of these decisions leads people, li ke the reader, down a new path: a path which the narrator himself created. The narrator comes to the realization that everyShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis of Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken1800 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿The Road Not Taken Robert Frost Introduction Robert Frost is one of the best known poets in American history, and his poem, The Road Not Taken is among the most well-known of all his poems. Frost places a great deal of emphasis on nature in his writing, as he was a lover of the countryside. He based many of his poems on the New England scenery, which was his home for most of his life. I chose this particular poem because I have enjoyed the readings we have done so far of his work and The RoadRead MoreEssay about Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken828 Words   |  4 PagesRobert Frosts The Road Not Taken Robert Frost’s â€Å"The Road Not Taken† is a symbolic poem of the complications people must face in the course of their lives. Although it is not difficult to understand the meaning of the poem through it’s title, it is however hard to interpret what the author means when he describes the roads. Throughout the poem, the two roads appear similar at times and different at others. He uses free imagery to make his poem more complex for the audience. In the first stanzaRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost Essay1554 Words   |  7 PagesTwo Roads, Two Choices, One Decision â€Å"The Road Not Taken,† written by Robert Frost, discusses a traveler who has to make a choice between two roads. In the first stanza, the traveler remembers standing at an intersection of two roads. Indecisive about which road to take, he seems to believe that one of the roads would be more beneficial to him (Lee 5). In stanza two, the narrator refers to the traveler’s unexpected decision to take the other road by giving details of it. In addition, the narratorRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost1221 Words   |  5 PagesWhile gazing at the farmland on the rural outskirts of Derry, NH, Robert Frost created an American masterpiece. â€Å"The Road Not Taken†, is a dynamic and deep poem orchestrated to perfection. However, equal to its acclaim, is the misunderstanding of the poem. A piece of literature of this stature deserves to be under the microscope of our classes critical discussions. I believe that the time would be beneficial to everyone. Giving a breath of fresh air to a poem that has been abused by Hallmark cardsRead MoreAnalysis of The Road Not Taken by Robert Forst Essay example628 Words   |  3 PagesRobert Frost’s poem defines ones elation rotating to understanding. In â€Å"The Road Not Taken,† he describes what many people encounter daily with decision making. This poem talks about choices we make by comparing them to a folk in a road that may seem less or often traveled. Many people are confronted with choices in their everyday life, which could affect them long term whether it is negative or positive. The options we decide on can determine what our future and present life holds whether it isRead MoreThe Road Not Taken by Robert Frost Essay504 Words   |  3 PagesThe Road Not Taken by Robert Frost In Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken, (reprinted in Laurence Perrine and Thomas R. Arp, Sound and Senses, 8th ed. [San Diego: Harcourt, 1992] 23) the speaker stands in the woods, considering a fork in the road. Both ways are equally worn, and equally overlaid with un-trodden leaves. The speaker chooses one, telling himself that he will take the other another day. Yet he knows it is unlikely that he will have the opportunity to do so. And he admits that somedayRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost2204 Words   |  9 Pagesrecognition and mention is â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost. In this poem, Frost examines the consequences that result from each choice we make in life. There is a sense of ambivalence that comes with making a decision, especially if both available options appear sound. Consequently, within his poem, Frost examines the relationship between progress and the sacrifice of possibilities. He also provides insight into an individual’s thoughts both prior to and following the decision making process. In thisRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken1257 Words   |  6 Pages Critical Analysis on â€Å"The Road Not Taken† Why is it so common for people to regret the path they have chosen in life? Robert Frost attempts to answer this question throughout the poem by using many literary devices. In other terms, the poet is alluding to a lesson in everyones life; Once a path is being determined, it is inevitable to change the choices because they are in the past. The poet uses imagery to create a visual picture in the readers head of two paths in the woods with the freedomRead MoreEssay on The Dualism of Joe Christmas1715 Words   |  7 Pages Joe Christmas’ trajectory and immoral decisions become the Siren’s song that tip him over the stern of the boat that is his life. Christmas’ path takes turns and twists that create a taciturn man who has been brought into the world unwanted; then, he ruthlessly moves forward looking back at his past in order to make decisions for his future. Light In August parallels Robert Frost’s â€Å"The Road Not Taken†, when Joe finds that he has reached a fork in the road and has to plan for kind of life he wantsRead MoreSummary Of Robert Frosts Fire And Ice And The Road Not Taken1022 Words   |  5 Pageschallenges reflects their character. Furthermore, when encountered by these hardships you can decide to handle them in a positive or a negative manner. Robert Frost did a phenomenal job on depicting how taking a positive stance while making these decisions can greatly influence life for the better in his works â€Å"Fire and Ice† and â€Å"The Road Not Taken†. Frost wrote â€Å"Fire and Ice† to explain human interaction and the affects it has on society by introducing the idea that every person has the option

It205 Week 4 Checkpoint Free Essays

How does email benefit an organization? I believe that email is a great benefit to most companies because it allows ideas and or attachments to be shared instantly. Why might an organization limit how an employee uses email during work hours? By limiting email usage during work hours it decreases the chance of clients being overcharged for work hours and also decreases the chance of loss of profit due to an employee’s attention being somewhere other than work. What is an emails path once it leaves an organization? Depending on the company it could go directly to the person it is addressed to or it could go through the IT department then to the person it is addressed to. We will write a custom essay sample on It205 Week 4 Checkpoint or any similar topic only for you Order Now What is the effect of instant messaging on organizational networks? Instant messaging can be a very useful tool as long and it isn’t taken advantage of, it could be used to send mass messages to all employees and or messages to individuals who may not be in the same building when working on projects. What are benefits and drawbacks of using instant messaging in an organization? A benefit would be that it is instant unlike email that may take a while, and has to be checked. A drawback can be used with that same example it is instant so files and or information that is not supposed to be viewed by outside individuals can be transmitted instantly. What are the drawbacks and benefits of webpage and search engine use in an organization? A benefit would be information for research being very accessible via websites and search engines A drawback would be these tools being abused and people using them for reasons outside of work. Should managers monitor employee email and internet usage? Why or why not? I think that management should monitor email and internet usage during work hours because of loss of revenue due to employees being on the web instead of being productive. Also to protect the organization from potential liability of what may or may not be transmitted or received on the organization’s server/ IP. How to cite It205 Week 4 Checkpoint, Papers

Desdemona and Emilia in Othello Essay Example For Students

Desdemona and Emilia in Othello Essay Each individual has a different opinion on what love is, but it is amazing how these opinions differ between Desdemona and Emilia in William Shakespeare s, Othello. Othello is a play written about love, betrayal and relationships, and each character has a strong opinion on how a relationship should be. Although they all have different opinions, the one s of Desdemona and Emilia seem to be the most interesting as well as the complete opposites of each other. Both married, they have completely different standards for their husbands and one would be surprised to hear their definitions on love. It is shocking to see that marriage to one person is purely physical attraction, while another thinks of marriage as the most sacred bond. It is very interesting to see what a wide spectrum of opinions people have on love. Unlike most women, Emilia thinks of love in a souly physical way. Typically, men usually are the ones to have these opinions of woman, yet Emilia very strongly feels that as long as she is physically satisfied, that is all she needs. She doesn t look for emotional support in a man; Emilia tends to look to other woman for that kind of support. In Emilia s opinion, men are useless for anything other than sex. Let husbands know their wives have sense like them, they see, and smell, and have their palates both for sweet and sour as husbands have. (4,3,92) Out of this quote one can see that she believes that sex is all men want from woman as will. She believes that sex is the only thing a man and a woman owe to one another and everything else can be dealt with by someone of the same sex. Emilia has some very interesting views on love as appose to Desdemona who has a much more meaningful opinion of love and the importance of it. In Othello, the character of Desdemona is very devoted to her husband. She feels that love is a very deep emotion between two people. Like Emilia Desdemona does feel that the physical aspect of love is important, yet she feels that to be entirely in love there is a much stronger and deeper connection. Completely devoted to her husband, she defends him even while accusing her of being unfaithful. In Desdemona s view she feels that complete and total devotion is the only way to show her love for here husband. I do perceive here a divided duty. To you I am bound for life and education, my life and education both do learn me how to respect you. 1,3,179) Desdemona doesn t only take love seriously, she takes it to such a great extent that she is willing to die for the ones she loves. Not only do the two woman’s thoughts on love differ, but their thoughts on men in general also are quite different. There is no better way to describe Emilia s view on men other than to say men are pigs! She has absolutely no respect for men, as does she feel that men feel the same way about woman. It seems as if she has awful experiences with men in her past, for she is always very bitter while speaking of them. Tis not a year or two shows us a man. They are all but stomachs, and we all but food; they eat us hungrily, and when they are full, they belch us. Not once in the play does she show some real respect for a man. She doesn t believe they are worth being respected. Once again Desdemona s opinion on the topic of men has a very different response. Through Desdemona s eyes men are above woman and deserve to be treated with the up most respect. She will let men walk all over her and never talk back to them. To her she is lucky to be married to a man, while Emilia doesn t even care. She was brought up believing that men over power woman and that that s the way it should be.

Comparison of Poems Donnes Death Be Not Proud and Dickinsons Because I Could Not Stop for Death

One of the most powerful and captivating issues about poetry is the ability to describe the same themes in many different and unpredictable ways. Constant discussions about death, its perception by people, and the possibility to avoid death seem to be the most frequent literary issues for consideration. The two poems of different authors will be analyzed and evaluated in this paper.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison of Poems: Donne’s Death Be Not Proud and Dickinson’s Because I Could Not Stop for Death specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Emily Dickinson and John Donne made two powerful attempts to examine the role of death in the world and the variety of attitudes to this issue. Death Be Not Proud by Donne and Because I Could Not Stop for Death by Dickinson are the two poems with different approaches to one problem. However, it is wrong to call death a problem, this is why it is better to say that these two works help to comprehend the essence of death that is impossible to neglect and wrong to be afraid of. Donne and Dickinson’s works are characterized by the use of different stylistic devices (personification and metaphor), the contrast in tones of the story (sarcasm and obedience), different literary techniques, and different writing styles; and these numerous differences make these poems so powerful and so immortal for the readers as well as help them learn and comprehend the essence of death in the most appropriate ways. In order to define the differences and similarities between the poems under discussion, it is crucially important to clear up the main themes of the works and authors’ intentions. Though the authors use the same idea to start their poems with, the chosen approaches to define the main point remain different. Dickinson’s poem begins with the phrase â€Å"because I could not stop for death† (Dickinson line 1) that is also th e title of the poem. Donne opens the poem in the same way using the title of the poem as the first line and introducing the theme namely â€Å"death, be not proud† (Donne line 1). Dickenson defines death as a visit to the narrator according to which death takes her towards her eternal grave. In his turn, Donne tries to criticize death from numerous perspectives calling it a slave who does not have any control over the narrator. At the same time, it is clear that both authors portray death contrary to the popular beliefs presenting it as harsh, cruel, powerful, or supreme. They are not afraid of showing their own attitudes towards death, but, at this, they do not insist that their attitudes are the only correct ones. All they try to do is to introduce their personal ways of how it is possible to treat death and be ready to accept it when the time comes. Though their main theme is death, it does not mean that they introduce similar ideas and approaches, and this is what attract s the readers’ attention and make people believe that death has its own weak and strong sides.Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One of the main differences which have to be mentioned is the use of different stylistic devices such as personification and metaphors that help to introduce death to the reader. To prove that death is something that people should not be afraid of, Donne tries to personify it from the very beginning. The use of such Old English personal pronouns as thee and thou demonstrate the author’s intentions to represent death as something that is clear and evident. With the help of personification, it is not that difficult to believe that death is not as scary as it seems. Even if â€Å"our best men with thee do go/ Rest of their ones, and soul’s delivery† (Donne lines 7-8), there is no reason to be afraid of this personalized is sue. As for the Dickinson’s poem, the decision to use another type of metaphor is made. The image of a journey in â€Å"the carriage held but just ourselves† (Dickinson line 3) is used to describe her life and moving towards the end of life. Children who play in the yard symbolize her youthful days. The field of gazing grain becomes a symbol of the mature age, and the setting sun becomes a symbol of her old age. As soon as the narrator moves towards her eternal home, she becomes more mature and exhausted to resist death, and the things around her become animate. Just like Donne, this author tries to explain that death is not as invisible and intangible as many people tend to believe. However, it is wrong to personify it because it is not about life that is given to every person but, on the contrary, it is the end of this life, the eternal sleep that has to be accepted. One more peculiarity of these two poems is the attitude and the tones which are used by the authors: for instance, Donne cannot believe that death may have enough power to make orders and influence people’s lives while Dickinson cannot find enough strengths to resist this power and reject the journey offered to the narrator. Donne’s poem is full of sarcasm. This author mocks at death that tries to become a powerful person to be proud of. His poem brings death to the level of nothingness. Death is a thing that has no power, no control over itself and other people’s desires, and no rights for existence. Such words as â€Å"poor† and â€Å"slave† are used to laugh at death. Toward the end of the poem, he sarcastically states â€Å"why swell’st thou then?† (Donne line 12). This question and the tone emphasize how weak and miserable death can be and how easy it is to mock at her. â€Å"And death shall be no more; Death, thou shalt die† (Donne line 14). These words reflect Donne’s strong sarcastic tone one more time and creat e an idea that people cannot die; but it is actually death that has to die because human souls continue living in the eternal world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison of Poems: Donne’s Death Be Not Proud and Dickinson’s Because I Could Not Stop for Death specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Dickenson’s poem has the tone that is more submissive. The narrator depicts her submission before death and travels with it towards her eternal destination. Her sense of submission is evident from the fact that she gives life to inanimate objects and makes herself inanimate. Other words, such as â€Å"he knew no haste† (Dickinson line 5) and â€Å"he kindly stopped for me† (Dickinson line 2) prove the fact that the narrator accepts her status of a slave to death. During the whole poem, it is possible to observe that the tone chosen by the narrator starts changing. The narrator feels that everything around her is going to change and betray her. She is not informed about what should happen to her in the nearest future. She is lost, and no one can show the right way. This journey is over for her, and nothing can be changed and no other journeys can be taken. It is the end that she did not expect, and it is hard to believe that somebody or something can treat her this way. Among the variety of literary techniques which influence the writing style of the author, it is possible to define the use of conceit and monologues in the poems. Conceit is farfetched personifications according to which two unlike objects are compared and made look similar. Donne seems to be a master of conceit; his poem draws a strong and influential comparison between death and a person who considers himself to be proud. â€Å"Mighty and dreadful, for thou are not so† (Donne line 2) – this phrase is used to indicate death’s notions about itself. Dickinson also uses the sa me conceit and portrays death as a man; however, the use of such words as â€Å"kindly†, â€Å"civility†, â€Å"no haste† cannot create any positive impression about death and its functions in the poem. This metaphor is deeper and more serious as it gives life: â€Å"we passed the fields of gazing grain/ we passed the setting sun† (Dickinson lines 11-12). What is more, death may be perceived more like a suitor who has come to marry the narrator and take her away. However, it is not the only image of death that can be observed in the poem. There is another silent person in the carriage that is called â€Å"Immortality†. It is not the example of personification as it is in the Donne’s poem; however, it is one more idea to think about and realize what death actually is.Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Due to such specific and powerful literary techniques, it is not very difficult to analyze the style of writing and the messages which are presented by different authors. Donne as the author who does not have either respect or fear to death tries to use as many offensive words as possible to show how miserable can death be. His style of writing seems to be a bit difficult due to the use of some Old English words; however, in general, every message is clear and comprehensible. As for the Dickinson’s writing style, there are no difficulties to comprehend each her word and thought. She is lost, scared, and confused about what happens to her. Still, she is able to say clearly what may bother her and why. Her writing style and the chosen sequence of ideas attract many readers; this is why it is always interesting to re-read this poem and try to find out another detail and enjoy this story and this journey, once again. Without any doubts, Donne and Dickinson’s poems are the two masterpieces in English Literature. The theme of death has fascinated writers since centuries. Their treatment to the theme is a reflection of the individuality of both poets. The poems under consideration present a deep insight into the views of the two poets. The use of different literary techniques, tones, and styles of writing may serve as a powerful reason of the fact that these poems have maintained their individuality. Dickinson and Donne are the great authors who provide their readers with a chance to evaluate the role of death in our world and decide how exactly it should be met by those who it comes for. Works Cited Dickinson, Emily. â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop for Death.† The Literature Network. 22 Apr.2010. Web. Donne, John. â€Å"Death, Be Not Proud.† Poetry.org. 22 Apr. 2010, https://poets.org/ This essay on Comparison of Poems: Donne’s Death Be Not Proud and Dickinson’s Because I Could Not Stop for Death was written and submitted by user Flatman to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on 10 Commadments

I- Thou Shalt Nap And God gave unto Student a great gift, the gift of napping. God said to him, You shall spend half your day napping. You shall nap in class, in your room and in your friend’s room. And God said, if you don’t nap, you will not be able to stay up all night drinking. And Student said, Nap I shall, and it was good. II- Thou Shalt Get Sick All the Time Now God said to Student, you must be sick all of the time. And student said why. And God said unto him, you shall share drinks, stay up too late, drink too much and make out with people you don’t know. Therefore, God said, you shall be sick all year round. But God said, blessed are the sick for they have partied the hardest. And it was good. III- Thou Shalt Write Witty Away Messages Student asked, but God, how will I show everyone that I am funny? And God said unto him, thou shall write witty away messages. God said to student, you shall never just say you are in the shower, you shall say you are getting wet and wild†¦in the shower. You shall never say you are at class, you shall say you are sleeping†¦in class. God said, if you do not write witty away messages, I shall smite you. Blessed are the funny, for they will get many girls to be their friends but never hook up with them. And it was good. IV- Thou Shalt Wear a Hoodie And then Student asked God, God how do I look like a college kid. And God said unto student, you must wear a hoodie, for it is a useful garment. And you shall never wash it either. Student asked God what kind of Hoodie should it be and God said, you shall own one with your school’s logo on it and you shall own many others of varying colors and creeds. And Student was pleased and God was pleased. V- Thou Shalt Shit a Lot And Student asked of his bathroom habit and God told him, Student, you shall eat in the Cafeteria and you shall shit a lot. And it will not be good shit, it will be the shit of the devil for your ass shall burn ... Free Essays on 10 Commadments Free Essays on 10 Commadments I- Thou Shalt Nap And God gave unto Student a great gift, the gift of napping. God said to him, You shall spend half your day napping. You shall nap in class, in your room and in your friend’s room. And God said, if you don’t nap, you will not be able to stay up all night drinking. And Student said, Nap I shall, and it was good. II- Thou Shalt Get Sick All the Time Now God said to Student, you must be sick all of the time. And student said why. And God said unto him, you shall share drinks, stay up too late, drink too much and make out with people you don’t know. Therefore, God said, you shall be sick all year round. But God said, blessed are the sick for they have partied the hardest. And it was good. III- Thou Shalt Write Witty Away Messages Student asked, but God, how will I show everyone that I am funny? And God said unto him, thou shall write witty away messages. God said to student, you shall never just say you are in the shower, you shall say you are getting wet and wild†¦in the shower. You shall never say you are at class, you shall say you are sleeping†¦in class. God said, if you do not write witty away messages, I shall smite you. Blessed are the funny, for they will get many girls to be their friends but never hook up with them. And it was good. IV- Thou Shalt Wear a Hoodie And then Student asked God, God how do I look like a college kid. And God said unto student, you must wear a hoodie, for it is a useful garment. And you shall never wash it either. Student asked God what kind of Hoodie should it be and God said, you shall own one with your school’s logo on it and you shall own many others of varying colors and creeds. And Student was pleased and God was pleased. V- Thou Shalt Shit a Lot And Student asked of his bathroom habit and God told him, Student, you shall eat in the Cafeteria and you shall shit a lot. And it will not be good shit, it will be the shit of the devil for your ass shall burn ...

Unit 3 Public Health in my backyard Research Paper

Unit 3 Public Health in my backyard - Research Paper Example The programs on public health will surely develop the individual’s interests, career and goals in life. One of the famous program on psychiatric unit is the AA—Alcohol Anonymous Program, which follows a twelve-step recovery model treatment program. The program assists the person with substance abuse problem. In addition, AA does not involve any monetary obligations but would make a contractual requirement with the treatment agencies respectively (Galanter and Kaskutas, 2008, p. 3-4). Alcohol Anonymous is distinctive, unique and voluntary mutual aid organization. Community Assessments is important in determining the population who is at risk of disease or health disparities. In doing an assessment and to identify the problem, they use qualitative and quantitative measures. For example, the community organizer uses techniques to solve the problems easily such as doing surveys, interviews, and even questionnaires. As a result, the organizer can assess the population who is most affected, the factors that contribute in exacerbating the problem. Public Health Programs are assessed, diagnosed, planned and finally implemented based on the community assessments and the resources available in the area, which will potentially lead to change and improvement of the community (Harris, 2010, p. 3). I remember one of my cousins named Kaye who weighs 120 pounds (57 kg.) at the age of 11. By merely observing Kaye, I can tell that she is overweight. Kaye always asked the school nurse why she is always included in the list of malnourished children when she believes that she’s not. Learning this, Kaye’s grandmother decided to join the health program in the community—the healthy dieting program, weight monitoring, and exercise program to solve Kaye’s problem. The case of Kaye involves five (5) stages of behavioral change: (Riegelman,

Smoking in the Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Smoking in the Workplace - Essay Example Although the rationale behind non-smoking was almost always health reasons, these non-smokers were unjustly exposed to smoking through their addictive peers or customers. The effects of second-hand smoking are also adverse. However, when these non-smokers were forced to work in smoking conditions, they really had no choice but to conform. Like any other workplace, where health and safety are the responsibility of an employer, restaurants and bars also have an obligation to provide a healthy and safe working environment for all their employees. Taking an example of a construction worker, the employee is aware of the risks involved in working for a construction company. However, it is the responsibility of the construction company to provide safe working conditions, so that these risks can be minimized; and sufficient protection against accidents, so that the resulting injuries can be avoided. Similarly, for a restaurant/bar employee, the risks of working in such an environment will be known, but the protection against those risks is the responsibility of the employer. Here, the restaurant owner will face a dilemma in deciding between satisfying its customers by allowing them to smoke and providing his employees with a safe working environment. The employer should safeguard the interest of his employees, although some smokers will be forced to boycott the restaurant. However, in the long run, people will get used to it and will start visiting the restaurant again for its quality of service and food (Frumkin, 2003). By banning smoking, the employer will not have to worry about the health and safety requirements related to second-hand smoking. Second-hand smoking may also affect the productivity of employees. For smokers, smoking provides a sense of comfort and delight. However, for non-smokers, it can be a source of constant irritation. This, in turn, may affect

SWOT and PESTEL Analysis of Seafood Restaurant

SWOT and PESTEL Analysis of Seafood Restaurant SUMMARY Jack Sprat is the owner of seafood restaurant in a coastal town. He is 60 year old and doctor has advised him to take rest so he had appointed a Manager to look after the business operation and he use to come to see the business once in a week. But once he handed over the business to the manager his business is not doing well and there is continuous declining in the business. So in order to find remedy owner has been approached to the author to analyse the case and suggest as what should be done to bring back the business of the restaurant. Author has analysed the business with the tools of business (case) analysis-SWOT, and PESTLE and further financial data has also been taken into consideration to find out the declining trend and come to a conclusion as why business is going down. In order to evaluate the business operation and put the findings in the report author has done extensive research-secondary research and analysed the case with his valuable suggestions. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Author would like to convey his gratitude to those entire people who helped him to enhance his understanding of the case and analyzed the situation so that a valid conclusion of the case can be drawn. Author has completed this case successfully and has been presenting his findings with suggestion in this report. So author would like to thanks to the Module tutor for kind support and guidance. INTRODUCTION Jack Sprat is 63 year old owner of 60 seat licensed seafood restaurant that is situated in a costal town. Before starting this business Jack was simply a Manager at a local Bluebeckers Restaurant. But an inheritance left this restaurant to him. Since the opening of this restaurant business it has given very good return. The belief of Jack towards success f this business is the Maintenance of high standards in fod production and presentation. Other fact is Menu and beverage list has been fairly constant since beginning of this restaurant. Jack did not change menu and beverage list because business was giving modest return since beginning. But jack is not regular to the restaurant and he has appointed a Manager to manage the business operation and he use to come to the restaurant to see the business operation once in a week. This is because at this age (63) he has been suffering from health problem and his doctor has advised him to take rest. But business of this restaurant has gone down as soon as it was handed over to the manager. Absenteeism of the staff has been increased. Keeping in mind the remedy of the situation author has established aim and objectives of this report, here are the aim and objectives written in detailed: Aim of this report is to find remedy of the existing problem or discrepancies of the restaurant and give valuable suggestions to overcome from these problems so that business can be put on its old pattern-profitable. Objectives are: Finding most important problems Identification of further information that would be helpful in making realistic plans for the future of the business To list the priorities Drawing an action Plan The structure of this report is as follows: First of all main body has been presented wherein SWOT, PEST, and other detailed analysis has been done. Then conclusion has been drawn and bibliography (list of references) has been given followed by appendix section where additional informations has been provided. MAIN SECTION Aim and objective No.1: Finding important problems: Before providing solution of anything one has to find the problems first. So to find problem related to any business it is very first step to conduct SWOT analysis and PEST or PESTLE analysis. Before going for the SWOT analysis of the business concerned it is important to understand SWOT first. SWOT ANALYSIS is the detailed search and listing of factors from situational analysis that might or will impact the businesss strategy. Strategic marketing is based on the SWOT analysis. The process by which SWOT factors are derived is to carefully review the internal analysis for strengths and weaknesses, and the environmental analysis for opportunities and threats, and to then record. (Reich, Z.A, 1997) According to (Morrison, J 2002) The SWOT analysis is a commonly used planning tool, which assesses the firms strategic profile in terms of its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Focusing on both internal and external environments, it serves to highlight a firms distinctive competences, which will enable it to gain competitive advantage. Based on the above information from the scholars it is true that business environment can be divided into two part-internal and external environments. Internal environment consists of all factors that is internal part of the business. These internal factors are within the control of the business. Strength and Weaknesses of the business can be found in the internal environment of the business. External factors are those factors which are not within the control of the business and to be into existence business houses has to change in their internal policy and adjust itself to cope with the external environment factors. Opportunities and Threats are the factors that are part of external environment of a business. SWOT : Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threat Analysis of Seafood Restaurant Business of Jack Sprat: STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES Earlier this business was profitable It is established organization Maintaining high standard in food and presentation Staffs are familiar with their work Customers feel that restaurant is conveniently placed and charges reasonable price Owner is not able to give full time attention to the business Manager is less empowered-as he feels less scope has been given to him for the development of this business Number of staff has been increased-which is extra burden on payroll expenses of the business. No refurbishment done properly yearly Maintenance and Hygiene problem Insufficient fund/ resources for spending on maintenance and Hygiene Menu choice is stale and boring Improper management of food due to lack of proper forecasting of guests. OPPORTUNITIES THREATS Restaurant is old so having established market Market Image is good- reasonable price and consistent standard Dilution of market share due to inability to refurbishment Environment Health officer may not be informal in future and there will be time when formal notice will be issued. PEST ANALYSIS Before analyzing PEST or PESTLE factors from a business point of view it is important to understand these factors: (Political, Economical, Socio cultural, Technological and Legal). A PEST analysis is an analysis of an external macro environment that affects all firms. Such external factors usually are beyond the firms control and sometimes present themselves as threats. For this reason, some say that pest is an appropriate term for these factors. However changes in the external environment also create new opportunities and letters sometimes are rearranged to construct the more optimistic terms of STEP ANALYSIS. Many macro environmental factors are country specific and the pest analysis will need to be a performed for all countries of interest. Political Factors Tax policy Employment laws Environmental regulations Trade restrictions and tariffs Political stability Economic Factors Economic growth Interest rates Exchange rates Inflation rate Social Factors Health consciousness Population growth rate Age distribution Career attitudes Emphasis on safety Technological Factors RD activity Automation Technology incentives Rate of technological change www.netmba.com/strategy/pest/ Accessed on 2/01/2011 Aim and objective No.2: Identification of further information that would be helpful in making realistic plans for the future of the business: Information needed towards market segmentation-target market: Information to the case is very important to analyze any business health or problem. It is equally important like medical tests are important for human body for remedy of any kind of complain of a patient. There are other tests or scanning is needed for business analysis. Market segmentation is one of them. Market segmentation: market consists of buyers differ in one or more ways. They may differ in their wants, resources, locations, buying attitudes and buying practices. Because buyers have unique needs and wants, each buyer is potentially a separate market. Ideally, then a seller might design a separate marketing program for each buyer. For example a caterer can customize the menu, entertainment, and the setting to meet the needs of specific clients. However, most companies are unable to offer complete segmentation. The cost of complete segmentation is high and most customers cannot afford completely customized products. Companies therefore, look for broad class of buyers who differ in their product needs or buying responses. The restaurant industry offers many examples of segmentation by a variety of variables. (kotler,p 2004) The reason behind knowledge of market segmentation is needed because until unless its not known that which segment is being targeted by the organization concerned (in this case Restaurant of Jack Sprat), it would be very difficult to compare the strength of that segment for the business. In this case its not given in the case so its important to analyse this business from its segment point of view. Information Needed for competitor analysis: To get success of the business its needed to deal with customers, suppliers, employees, and others. In almost all cases there will also be other organizations offering similar products to similar customers. These other organizations are competitors. Objective of the other organizations is the same as yours to grow, make money and succeed. Effectively, the businesses are at war fighting to gain the same resource and territory; the customer. And like in war, it is necessary to understand the enemy: How he thinks; What his strengths are; What his weaknesses are; Where he can be attacked; Where the risk of attack is too greatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. And so on. And like in war, the competitor will have secrets that can be the difference between profit and loss, expansion or bankruptcy for the business. Identifying these secrets is thus crucial for business survival. (http://dspace.dial.pipex.com) accessed on 2/01/2011 Other information needed is about its competitors. Information of competitors is very important to know the business of competitors and further business concerned can be compared with the competitors. So competitor analysis is very important. Aim and objective No.3: To list the priorities: First of all instant action should be taken to solve Hygiene problem. Proper forecasting of guests so that underproduction and overproduction both can be kept under control Extra manpower has to be reduced so that there will be less burden on payroll cost Choice of menu has to be increased Manager should be empowered or can be changed (as information is not given properly and in detailed so it is impossible to say to change) Somehow owner has to be in touch even over the phone to monitor the business operation and if possible frequency to visit may be increased. Local bank should be approached for short term loan for the refurbishment activities. Aim and objective No.4: Drawing an Action Plan: Action plan is a process that includes assessments of own strengths, available resources and market opportunities. There must be idea about marketing objective of the organization concerned then a plan can be prepared and further implemented to achieve the determined objective. In other words these informations are basic and needed at very first step towards making action plan: Market and trading environment of the business concerned Decision about market business is targeting to Knowledge about differentiation or advantage of uniqueness of own product and services Deciding marketing mix Estimation of Fund etc. ACTION PLAN: PRODUCT: Option in Menu list will be given PRICING : May charge little higher than what has been charging PROMOTION: There is need to promote the product and create awareness to remove the negative image of the organization. So it can be done through normal aids of advertisement-News papers or T.V Channels. Through T.V Channels it may little costly affair in that point of view daily is better. Other Actions to be taken: It could have opened even on Sunday to attract customers want to utilize their holidays. So it will be open all 7 days. Fund should be managed instantly- It can be done by approaching Commercial Banks for short term loans. Refurbishment will have to be done as soon as loan is approved. Employees have to be re-motivated so that absenteeism of staff can be kept under control. REVENUE (SALES) POINT OF VIEW: Food sales has been increased in 2007-8 by 4.3% compared to 2006-7, and it gone down in the financial year 2008-9 by 3.95% compared to 2007-8 sales of food. Liquor Sales has been increased in 2007-8 by 5.97% compared to 2006-7 and further it increase by 15.59% in the year 2008-9 compared to 2007-8. Overall Total Sales has been increasing in the financial year by 4.67% in the financial year 2007-8 compared to 2006-7, and further increased by 6.57% in the financial year 2008-9 compared to 2007-8. DIRECT COST POINT OF VIEW: In the financial year 2006-7 food cost was 42.05% of its sales and in 2007-8 it became little favorable by going down to 41.16% of its sales figure and in the year 2008-9 in again gone up to 43.63% Direct cost of Liquor is 59.72% of its sales in the financial year 2006-7, and 57.70% in 2007-8 and further 57.91% in 2008-9. So its favorable as its in declining trend. Total direct cost is 54.01%, 55.11% and 52.88% in the financial year 2006-7, 7-8, and 2008-9 respectively which also seems favorable because in 7-8 it gone little up but again it gone down by good margin-around 2 to 3% GROSS PROFIT POINT OF VIEW: Gross profit of food is 57.95%, 58.84% and 56.37% in the financial year 2006-7, 7-8, 8-9. This shows increase in 7-8 and further decline in 8-9. Gross profit of Liquor is 40.28%, 42.30% and 42.09% in the financial year 6-7, 7-8, and 2008-9 respectively. Overall it is in favorable trend. Gross profit in the financial year 2006-7 is 54.01%, 55.11% in 2007-8 and 52.88% in 2008-9 which seems declining trend. In the year 2007-8 it gone up but in 208-9 it came down. This is because there was declining of sales of food in the financial year 2008-9 by 3.95%, otherwise sale of liquor in this financial year was good and direct costs were also behaving favorably. INDIRECT EXPENSES POINT OF VIEW: There are three component of indirect expenses-labour, overheads and operating expenses and maintenance expenses. Amount spent in labour is in increasing order i.e., 29.76%, 31.51% and 33.21% in the year 6-7, 7-8, and 2008-9 respectively. This shows restaurant is spending more % every year in its staffing. Overheads and Operating expenses seems within control as its 8.78%, 7.21% and 8.36% in the year 2006-7, 2007-8, and 2008-9 respectively. Maintenance expenses is 1.61% of sales in the financial year 2006-7, 1.40% in the financial year 2007-8 and 0.91% of sales of financial year 2008-9. This shows that organization is spending very less on maintenance expenses. Overall total indirect expenses is 40.15% of its sales in the financial year 2006-7, 40.12% in 2007-08 and gone up in the financial year 2008-9 to 42.48% NET PROFIT POINT OF VIEW: Net profit is 13.86%, 14.99% and 10.40% in the financial years 2006-7, 7-8, and 8-9 respectively. This shows that Net profit has going down, and in the financial year its gone down with huge gap compared to previous years percentage. Overall its a matter of discussion and management should pay attention to the indirect costs as percentage of indirect cost is very high. As gross profit is in 50% so almost 40% of sales are being spent for indirect expenses. Although management is not spending much in maintenance component of indirect expenses but other components i.e., overhead and operating expense, and payroll expenses are very high that is the reason Net profit of the restaurant is not attractive. CONCLUSION Author has analysed the case of Jack Sprats restaurant and found that major problem is its hygiene and maintenance and indirect expenses. These two of the factors has to be kept under control and converted into favorable mode only then this organization can earn profit like previous time. There are other areas also that needs attention i.e., arrangement of fund, manpower management, empowering manager etc. BIBLIOGRAPHY Britton, C and Worthington. I (2003) The business environment, 4th Edition, UK:Prentice hall. Hooley.G(2004) Marketing strategy and competitive positioning, 3rd edition: UK: Prentice Hall Kotler, P. (2004) marketing for hospitality and tourism, 3rd Edition, Delhi:Person Luck.D and Rubin, S.R (1996) Marketing Research,7th Edition, USA:Prentice hall Morrison, J (2002) the international business environment, 1st Edition, New York; Pal grave. Reich, Z.A (1997) Marketing Management for the hospitality Industry,1st Edition,: Wiley and sons Canada. Wearne.N (2001) Hospitality Management, 1st Edition, New Delhi: Global www.netmba.com/strategy/pest/ Accessed on 2/01/2011 http://dspace.dial.pipex.com) Accessed on 2/01/2011

How far has current social work organisation and practice been shaped by the values of the Enlightenment?

In the following assignment, I will briefly define the ‘Enlightenment' and the specific circumstances when it emerged. I will identify and discuss, if the ‘Enlightenment' has core values and I will give reasons to backup my decisions. Then there will be a brief discussion about the current features of Social Work organisation and anti-discriminatory practice in relation to women. I will explain if the current feature of Social Work Practice demonstrates any link with the ‘Enlightenment' values. Due to word limitation, it is difficult to discuss and analyse all of the ‘Enlightenment' values. I will focus on two of the values: ‘tolerance and freedom' to discuss and analyse them with the conjunction of the Social Work Practice. Benson et al (cited in Spybey, T. 1997) explains that â€Å"The ‘Enlightenment' is a term used to describe those thinkers of the eighteenth century who established the basis of looking at the society in a scientific way†. The' Enlightenment' movements started in 16th and 17th century. Thus â€Å"It's roots go much farther back in western history and it continued to develop long after the 18th century, Hollinger (1994) calls it â€Å"a programme for improving human life was worked out†. It took place in 18th century but mainly in the second half of the18th century, French educated men and women called themselves ‘Philosophes' who became known as the ‘Enlightenment'. According to Porter (1990 cited in Hall et al 1992: 24) â€Å"The Enlightenment was the era which saw the emergence of a secular intelligentsia large enough and powerful enough for the first time to challenge the clergy. The key domain in which ‘Enlightenment' intellectuals involved in supporting existing, man and society, which was sustained by the church authority and it's monopoly over the information media of the time†. The ‘Enlightenment' challenged the traditional and religious views and ideas. The society, the world, human-beings and nature, all were seen in the light of the traditional and religious views which were dominated by Christianity. Hamilton (1997 cited in Handouts, 2003) and Hall et al (1992: 7) explains that â€Å"From around 1760, â€Å"A perspective summed up in Voltaire's phrase ‘à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½crasez l'infame': means ‘crush the infamous thing' and †¦ it became a nutritious catchphrase†. It opposed the Catholic Church and religious beliefs for example Script of Bible, miracles associated with Jesus and other prophets, God and angel's existence, the church's authority and people's beliefs were criticized, which were based on the religion and tradition. Hall et al (1992: 20) expresses that â€Å"The ‘Enlightenment is the foundation of ‘Modernity' and ‘Modern Social Science'. It changed the way of thinking by comprehending it as systematic, scientific and practical†. Its emergence gave ‘Philosophes' a wider scoops to explore beyond their religious and traditional beliefs. It created an atmosphere for ‘Philosophes' to believe in the â€Å"pre-eminence of empirical, materialist knowledge: the model in this respect furnished by science, an enthusiasm for technological and medical progress and a desire for legal and constitutional reform† (Johnson, I. Handouts: 2003). Basically, the ‘Enlightenment laid a foundation for people to think liberally and have some sense of equality in the society. In my view, the above significant factors were the bases of the ‘Enlightenment's values, which let the ‘Enlightenment' develop and progress steadily. Because it was the first time when it was made possible for people to explore and express their personal beliefs and view and test the validity of their thoughts, through scientific, systematic ways and without being bounded by religious and traditional restrictions. The ‘Enlightenment' values brought in changes and development in the society and in the people's views and thoughts. It set the milestone for our new modern world that we live in today. It also opened up the opportunities for ‘Philosophes' to work, explore and experiment in a wider context and relay their ideas and views with some freedom. It abolished the traditional and superstitious thoughts and prejudices. It created opportunities for legal and religious reformation to take place. I think that all the changes and development have only taken place because the ‘Enlightenment' values were in existence and were strong enough to challenge the strongest authority; the churches of that time. As churches and its authorities have had a great influence and power over people, economy, politics, law, social, every day life even the ruler/s of that time. Hall et al (1992: 21-22) had defined the core values of the ‘Enlightenment' which are summarised as the following: * Reason (nationality): systemized acquaintances (pragmatic or experimented). * Empiricism: human-beings; views and awareness that being gained through their perceptions and judgements. * Science: based on scientific methods and theories and can be tested systematically and scientifically. * Universalism: motives and science can be functional in all and every situation; if the principal were the same. * Progress: the concept of improvement in the natural and social conditions of human beings. * Individualism: a society is based on the thoughts and beliefs of its members and each member id origin of all â€Å"knowledge and action and his reasons can not be subjective to a higher authority. * Toleration: the notion of that all human-beings are essentially the same, despite their religious or moral convictions and that the beliefs of other races and civilization not inherently inferior to those of European Christianity. * Freedom: an opposition to feudal and traditional constraints or on believes: trades, communication, social interaction, sexuality, and ownership of property (although as we shall see the extension of freedom to women and the lower-classes was problematic for Philosophies)† (Hall et al. 1992: 22-23). * Uniformity of human nature: all the humankinds are the same all around the world. * Secularism: non-religious and non-traditional authorities and an opposition to the traditional religious authority and myths. Now, I will discuss the ‘Enlightenment's values: ‘toleration' and ‘freedom' in the correlation with the current Social Work practice especially in relation to anti-discriminatory practice regarding to women, to establish if the Enlightenment's values are linked or have influenced Social Work practice. I have experienced through my work experience with different communities that generally, women are treated unfairly and unequally in the society at most levels. Women have less freedom and rights than men. Globally, the women of 21th century are still struggling to gain an equal place as men in the society. Guru (2003: class-notes) stresses that â€Å"From birth to death women have to struggle in their lives to access their rights e.g welfare, personal, social, political, human, cultural, traditional, religious, labourer, employment†. The Social Work emphasises strongly on anti-oppressive and anti-discriminatory practice. â€Å"During the late 1980s social work education became increasingly aware of the impact of oppression and discrimination on clients and communities. There was a growing and recognition of relative neglect of such issues in traditional approaches to social work in 1989, the Central Council for Education and Training in Social (CCETSW) laid down the regulations and requirements for the students† of Social work to practice in anti- discriminatory ways. †¦CCETSW also seek to ensure that students are prepared to combat other forms of discrimination based on age, gender, sexual orientation, class, disability, culture or creed† (CCETSW 1989: 10 cited in Thompson, N. 1997: 1). The change in the CCETSW's regulation indicates that the discrimination still exists especially against certain groups and women are one of them and there is a need to combat discrimination. Moreover, it also states that it was recognised that the discrimination was linked with ‘traditional approaches'. It may mean that the ‘traditional views' still exists in our today's society, which the ‘Enlightenment' wanted to get rid of, to give people ‘freedom' and to promote equality for all individuals without their differences they had through ‘toleration'. Obviously, the â€Å"Enlightenment certainly propagated concept of equality (limited), democracy and emancipation †¦.† (Hall et al.1992: 33). But when it comes to women then it seems like that the women were almost invisible in the ‘Enlightenment'. Hall et al (1992: 60) expressed that â€Å"There was no Enlightenment for women. However they (Enlightenment) challenged the champion the rights of commons, the rights of Citizens, slaves, Jews, Indians and children but not those of women†. Under the ‘Enlightenment's values of ‘toleration and freedom': â€Å"all the human-beings are essentially the same† but it was not applied to women. Porter (2001: 69) explains that â€Å"The ‘Enlightenment' helped to free a man from his past†¦.by declaring that â€Å"all human-beings are equal despite their race, religion, beliefs, civilization and moral convictions†¦ and Lock (1992 referred in Hall et al. 1992: 66) adds in that according to the ‘Enlightenment', â€Å"Every man has an equal right ‘to his natural freedom†. Similar, the ‘Code of Practice for Social Care Worker (CPSCW) requires that the social care workers must â€Å"promote equal opportunities for service users and†¦ respecting diversity and different cultures and values† (GSCC, 2002: 1.5-1.6). Moreover, the Social work values emphasises that the social workers should â€Å"identifies and question their own values and prejudices, and their implication of practice;†¦ and they should â€Å"Respect and value uniqueness and adversity†¦.and identify (discrimination), analyse and take action to counter discrimination, racism, disadvantage, inequality and injustice using strategies appropriate to role and context† (CCETSW, paper 30 referred in UB. 2002: 6). Social work is not focusing on certain and specific groups or people where as the ‘Enlightenment' was concerned with the specific group/s of the society. The ‘freedom' and ‘toleration' was for certain maters and specific groups but there were n laid rules or principals for ‘Philosophes' to follow and the ‘Philosophes' themselves were a small group of people. Therefore, the social work value gave people a direct power to clients by letting them choosing and decide for themselves and social worker are advised to â€Å"promote opportunities for people to use their own strengths to make decisions for themselves (CCETSW, paper 30 cited in UB. 2002: 4). In other words, social work has widened the concept of ‘freedom' and ‘toleration' by being considerate for all members of the community, which is now-a-days known as ‘anti-discrimination', freedom of choice' and ‘equality'. It demonstrates that the ‘Enlightenment' have given the idea and Social work made it possible for people by assisting clients and by practicing it physically. That does not mean that the social work have followed the ‘Enlightenment' concept and values unswervingly. But initially, the idea was there to follow and it may be possible that the ‘feminist' movements got the idea from the ‘Enlightenment' and modified it according to the current needs. Thompson (1997: 8) described that the â€Å"influence of feminism in sociology was beginning to extend to social policy in general and social work in particular†. Lagan et al (1992: 112-120) agreed with this statement by accentuating that the feminism had great influence on social work theories. Social work had contributed to help women to achieve political, economical, educational, legal and social rights. For example, Beloff (1976 referred in Thompson, N. 1997: 5) argues that the â€Å"legislation changes were part of women liberal programme of reform e.g. rights for divorce, Equal Pay Act 1970 , Sex Discrimination Act 1975†. The social work worked itself and worked with ‘feminist and liberal movements' to fight for ‘women's rights'. Although, the social work has adopted the ideas from ‘feminists' or other liberal movements but the social work can be distinguished from other movements. Initially, it worked with and for all groups and classes. Second, it developed rapidly and extensively in many areas of social issues such as children, disabled people, aged, ethnic minorities, poor and others. The women have developed and have gained rights with the help of social work. Social work has made and is making a useful contribution for women rights and for their development. Lagan et al (1992: 40) emphasis that the â€Å"Social work is mainly done by the Female Social workers and with the Female clients†¦. As being women, Social workers shared the common understanding and experiences, as very much like their clients†. That made the social work to approach most women in the society at all levels and to help eliminate women's social problems and raise issues which needed to be address to combat oppression and discrimination. We see the Western Women as ‘Modern', independent, intellectual, and strong. But it can be argued that the women are still at disadvantage in the society. Many national studies and statistics show that â€Å"Overall, women are disadvantaged in health, education, economy, politics, and employment and through out the system† (Carter, A. 1988: 77-112). However, we can not deny the fact that women have been victimized by the system and the society. Despite the social work practice and attempts for women's rights, â€Å"there are still gaps and work needs to be done in accordance to give women equal rights† (Surrinder, G.2003). It is true that media has blamed social work practice in the past and social workers are seen as government's representatives and according to Murphy (2003: 7) the Social workers are not very much liked by the general public. There are also issues regarding to social worker's practice e.g. practicing in ‘traditional' way due to personal prejudices, which has oppressed the clients and has stigmatized the social work itself. Thompson (1997: 11) emphasise that the â€Å"†¦social work practice which does not take account of oppression and discrimination can not be seen as ‘good practice†¦.†. The ‘bad practice' is portrayed through the media but the good practice is not awarded and neither praised by media. The social work constantly reviews the policies to encounter prejudices and emphasises high on anti-discriminatory practice. In conclusion, I agree with Hall et al (1992: 266) that the â€Å"Enlightenment' played a part in †¦abolition of prejudice and superstition†¦and has given freedom to man†. I would say that where the ‘Enlightenment' movements have played a vital role in the modern thinking and have given the initiative idea of the ‘Toleration and freedom', which now has taken a new shape of ‘equality and anti-discrimination' within a broader context. But at same time, the ‘Enlightenment' has indirectly contributed against women. Maybe it was due to ‘unintended consequences' (Johnson, I. 2003: 2), which were not identified, measured and recognised by the ‘Enlightenment' or may be ‘Enlightenment did not want to recognise it. As ‘Enlightenment' was a men dominated movement. It may have contributed to prejudice and discriminate women by not including and involving them at the very early stage of the ‘Enlightenment' movements. And that could be the cause that women's voice for their rights was an echo in the vacuum and was not heard till lately. Therefore, social work has worked extensively for women's rights but there is still a lot of work that needs to be done. My suggestion is that the social work should identify oppression and discrimination and combat it at personal levels first and then at institutional levels. This action should not only be taken by the professionals but all the individuals should get involved in it. Otherwise, just like the ‘Enlightenment': left the women behind, the individuals will be imperceptible and power will shift to the professionals who will take over. If it will happen then it may take us back to the early ‘Enlightenment' age, where only the ‘Enlightenment' educated, had the power and voice.

Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Profit Essay

The question which stands before is whether the Founding Fathers were democratic reformers. It is an excruciating and complicated task to come to a conclusion upon this inquisition. To find this answer it can be readily simplified by taking a look at two contending arguments found inscribed in the book Taking Sides: Clashing Views in United States History. In the text lies the position of Howard Zinn and John P. Roche who are great historians; one writes controversially and radically, and the other writes in conformity to government, and conservatively. The position of Howard Zinn is that the founding fathers were not what they have been illustrated to be. That is that they were not concerned with democracy but were really just concerned in their prosperity, in their property, their money, and their freedom, but not concerned with the peoples liberties. Freedom was a new word at the time, which many knew little of, it was but the elite who had an understanding of this sort of philant hropy. â€Å"What was not made clear-it was a time when the language of freedom was new and its reality untested-was the shakiness of anyone’s liberty when entrusted to a government of the rich and powerful(Zinn, Howard, A People’s History of the United States P. 99).† John P. Roche dedicates his attention to the giving the founding fathers their veil of liberators and democratic reformers, and depicts them as gentlemen of good nature, and of having the highest intrinsic values; he portrays them as benevolent wise men, which based the constitution on the needs of the people. â€Å"They were first and foremost superb democratic politicians†¦they were committed (perhaps willy-nilly) to working within the democratic framework, within a universe of public approval (Wikispaces.com, Taking Sides Issue Seven: Were the Founding Fathers Democratic Reformers, P. 3)†. Between the two representations of the issue in question, the more persuading argument 10is towards Howard Zinn who viewed the founding fathers to not have been democratic reformers. The Founding Fathers were not  democratic reformers; rather they were an elite group of men who came up with the Constitution to find compromise â€Å"between the slave holding interest of the south a nd the money interest of north† (Zinn, Howard, A People’s History of the United States P. 98)†, their true motives for uniting the thirteen states was to create a vast market for commerce and not to create a democracy. The Founding Fathers always depicted the majority of men as ignorant and irresponsible. For them to be democratic reformers they would have needed to add literacy and education as necessary for the creation of a democracy in the writings of the Constitution. Instead they persisted to argue that the populous was ignorant, â€Å"†¦Federalist Paper #63 argued the necessity of a â€Å"well-constructed Senate† as â€Å"sometimes necessary as defence to the people against their own temporary errors and delusions† Zinn, Howard, A People’s History of the United States P. 98)† rather than adding that citizenry should be educated and informed so that they would be able to take part in the democratic processes of political and economic policy making, therefore they were not democratic reformers. John P. Roche tends to be overly conservative, to actually make a compelling argument, and Howard Zinn might appear to be radical but he is factual and presents both sid es to an argument and does not rely solely on emotions and in his political idealism as does Roche. Howard Zinn gives the more profound argument. Howard Zinn rather than making statements based on nationalism or patriotism brings up logical inferences and although it is impossible to give an unbiased approach to the question, Zinn gives the less bias approach of the two. When he presents his reasoning he tends to bring up both sides to an argument, one at least opposed to what he wants to represent and one at least supportive of what he is more in favor to represent.   As when he mentions Robert E. Browns point that the Constitution omitted the phrase â€Å"life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness† from the Declaration of Independence to â€Å"life, liberty, or property† to the Constitution, he presents the acknowledgement that people did have property, but stands to say that it was misleading to make this statement for only 3 percent of the population had enough land to be considered wealthy (Zinn, Howard, A People’s History of the United States P. 98). On the other hand John P. Roche presents most of his views by using words such as â€Å"national interest†, â€Å"public approbation†, and always tends to give reason to why some of the things they did that were  not democratic were indeed democratic. Although the drafting and signing of the constitution was held in secrecy, according to Roche, â€Å"They were practical politicians in a democratic society†(Wikispaces.com, Taking Sides Issue Seven: Were the Founding Fathers Democratic Reformers, P. 8). The Founding Fathers did not have it in their interests to be democratic reformers. They had in their interests to create a new nation which would create a certain order to keep the nation’s wealth in the hands of a few and to maintain their privileges, â€Å"Charles Beard warned us that government-including the government of the United States-are not neutral, that they represent the dominant economic interests, and their constitutions are intended to serve their interests† (Zinn, Howard, A People’s History of the United States P. 98). The Founding Fathers were afraid of a majority faction and opted for a Republican form of government to keep the country divided so that the populace could not come to the same conclusion and unite to fight against the tyranny of the minority, they had to make it possible for the existence of minority factions to prevent from a future insurrection. This can be noted in Federalist Paper #10 in which James Madison makes the following statement, â€Å"it will be more difficult for all who feel it to discover their own strength, and to act in unison with each other†¦The influence of factious leaders may kindle a flame within their particular States, but will be unable to spread a general conflagration through the other states† ( Zinn, Howard, A People’s History of the United States P. 97). They also had to make the Constitution appealing to the people. It needed to give a few rights and liberties to the citizenry to keep a revolution from arising from the monopolizatio n of wealth that they were creating. It needed a Bill of Rights, â€Å"The Constitution became even more acceptable to the public at large after the first congress, responding to criticism, passed a series of amendments known as the Bill of Rights† Zinn, Howard, A People’s History of the United State, P. 99). They needed soldiers for the revolution; they had to appeal to the people, they used the words freedom, liberty and equality to get them to fight. It is has been the history of revolution through the ages that a few educated men can persuade a majority to fight for liberty or for a common goal and after the revolution is over they put into place a government for their own privilege. The United States has not been the exception. They used the same pretexts as  the revolutionaries of anytime to create a society after their own image based on their principles, privileges and their ruling ideas, â€Å"The ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas, i.e. the class which is the ruling material force of society, is at the same time its ruling intellectual force† (Marx, Karl, The German Ideology, P. 64). Their ideas were not ideas for the founding of a democracy. â€Å"Still the mythology around the Founding Fathers persists. To say, as one historian (Bernard Bai lyn) has done recently â€Å"the destruction of privilege and the creation of a political system that demanded its leaders the responsible and humane use of power were their highest aspirations† is to ignore what really happened in the America of those these Founding Fathers†( Zinn, Howard, A People’s History of the United States P. 101)† Zinn then states that the Founding Fathers wanted to create a balance between the forces which were dominant to that time, and not a balance â€Å"between slaves and masters, property less and property holder, Indians and white ( Zinn, Howard, A People’s History of the United States P. 101).† His arguments continue to be reinforced by bringing into account many different views from other historians and by presenting documents from that time and by bringing into account the writings of the Founding Fathers themselves. He clearly reinforces the argument that the founding fathers were not democratic reformers. In reading both sides of the argument one can acquire an unbiased approach to the question, yet it is impossible to remain without any sort of bias, to be working class or being wealthy will play in the outcome of any given men’s stance to the question. The level of education that a person may have acquired will also depend on his view, and also his or her sus ceptibility to what stands as a norm will also give his reasoning a bias approach. Just as well as a person’s idealism being it political, economic or social or even of the combined three will not allow an unbiased standpoint from him/her. Howard Zinn makes the most compelling argument, his answer to the question holds the most validity in the two clashing responses, it is brought upon with great historical anecdotes, it is fairly easy to find the historic facts that he represents in his outlook of the issue; and it is the more logical of the two. Zinn does not speak with emotions of nationalistic fervor, or political idealism, nor does he stay compelled to the narrowness of a one sided argument, but looks upon both sides. â€Å"As Brown says about Revolutionary America,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"practically everybody was interested in the protection of property† because so many Americans owned property† (A People’s History of the United States P. 98). His response to Robert E. Brown (Charles Beard and the Constitution), who is a critic to Beards approach was, â€Å"However, this is misleading. True, there were many property owners. But some people had much more than others†¦Jackson Main found that one-third of the population in the Revolutionary period were small farmers, while 3 percent of the population had truly large holdings and could be considered wealthy (A People’s History of the United States p. 98).† The people of the Americas did not fight a revolution for their freedom, not for equality, they fought the revolution of the elite, they won them a political victory, handed them the wealth of the nation. The slaveholders of the South found compromise with the money interest of the North and the Founding Fathers were able to create the great market of commerce they envisioned when they came to the conclusion for independence from Great Britain. The People of America in that time fought a Revolution for the Founding Fathers who were not democratic reformers.

Effects of Alcohol and Nicotine on Fetal Development and...

Maternal smoking during pregnancy (SDP) is associated with numerous adverse outcomes in offspring, such as cognitive problems (Batty et al. 2006; Gilman et al. 2008a, b) and criminal behavior (D’Onofrio et al. 2010a, b; Brennan et al. 2002; Wakschlag et al. 2002). These associations are often attributed to the causal effects of teratogenic insults on the developing offspring (for reviews, see Wakschlag et al. 2002; Cornelius and Day 2009). Several lines of evidence support this causal inference, as animal models have suggested neural mechanisms (e.g., interference with cell proliferation and growth; Guerri 1998) by which neurodevelopmental effects may occur (Nordberg et al. 1991); dose-dependent effects have been found in which greater†¦show more content†¦2012; Agrawal et al. 2008; D’Onofrio et al. 2003). Co-occurring environmental and genetic factors may, therefore, confound the association between maternal substance use during pregnancy and offspring functio ning. In addition to genetic and postnatal environmental risk factors, maternal SDP co-occurs with prenatal exposure to other drugs that also are associated with adverse offspring outcomes (for review, see Huizink and Mulder 2006). For example, prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) is associated with psychological offspring outcomes, such as cognitive functioning (Mattson et al. 1997) and childhood externalizing outcomes (D’Onofrio et al. 2007; Disney et al. 2008). Although SDP co-occurs with use of other substances of abuse, many studies have not taken into account prenatal exposure to other substances when investigating the effects of maternal SDP in offspring. The need to account for such exposure is highlighted, however, by quasi-experimental studies on the effects of PAE (Gray et al. 2009), the results from which suggest that the associations between PAE and offspring functioning remain after controlling for specific confounds (e.g., parental externalzing behavior; Disney et al. 2008 ; Knopik et al. 2009) and general confounds (e.g., in a sibling-comparison study; D’Onofrio et al. 2007). Most studies of SDP on offspring outcomes have controlled for specific, measured confounds (e.g., parental education) and have yielded robust,Show MoreRelatedPsy 244 Essay10464 Words   |  42 Pagesthese changes c. to explain how and why they occur (e.g., how and why they occur in a certain order, or sequence, and at certain times rather than at other times) d. all of the above are parts of the basic task II. History of the Study of Development A. Ancient Greece and Rome 1. In his treatise, Gynecology, the Greek physician Soranus gave careful instructions for how infants should be swaddled: in soft cloths and strips of fabric from the head to the very tip of the toes. What was